We determined the underlying mechanisms of how Pu-erh tea ameliorated gut/brain barrier function by investigating the tight junction proteins and the neuroinflammatory responses by analyzing myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway proteins. This study used a BLAN model as the entry point to explore the impact of blue light exposure from playing on mobile phones at night and whether supplementation of Pu-erh tea could protect mice from BLAN-induced depression-like behaviors. 12,13 Therefore, we speculate that long-term Pu-erh tea intake could have protective effects on depression by regulating the microbiota-gut–brain axis. Meanwhile, Pu-erh tea could regulate tryptophan metabolism, and tryptophan can be converted to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine 5-HT, an essential neurotransmitter in the central nervous system that has been proved to be associated with changes in mood, depression, or cognition). Pu-erh tea, as our group previously reported, exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and microbiota-modulating activities. 11 This evidence suggests that long-term tea consumption may prevent the onset of depression and regulate the degree of depressive disorder to some extent. 10 Moreover, the active ingredients in Pu-erh tea can potentially regulate neurodegenerative disease. 9 Evidence from human cohorts indicates that habitual tea consumption contributes to regulating the imbalance of the gut microbiota. 7,8 Epidemiological studies have shown that drinking tea can reduce the risk of depression. Increasingly, research has indicated that the active ingredients in tea have the potential to modulate depression. 3 As conventional antidepressant therapies may not be applicable because of side effects, low effectiveness, or inaccessibility, phytochemicals may be an alternative option. 6 A previous paper found that blue light of 460 nm 400 lux on mice at 9–11 pm for 3 weeks could cause depression-like behaviors. According to a survey, Chinese university students spent 7.4 ± 4.3 h day −1 on mobile phones during the pandemic. However, playing on mobile phones and personal computers will increase the probability of blue light exposure. Inflammatory factors damage the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which causes the permeability of the BBB to rise, and enter the central nervous system (CNS) to cause neuroinflammation 5 accordingly, researchers have paid more attention to the relationship between the microbiota-gut–brain axis and depression. Intestinal microbial disorders induce depression through the microbiota-gut–brain axis, damaging intestinal barrier integrity, increasing gut permeability, and releasing inflammatory factors into the blood. 4 The pathogenesis of depression is complicated. 1–3ĭepression is a widespread mental illness, which leads to loss of joy, insomnia, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating on work, and even suicide. An increasing number of studies have shown that exposure to blue light at night (BLAN) can increase the risk of depression and staying up late to play on mobile phones is one of the blue light sources. Introduction In modern society, due to using electronic devices such as mobile phones or computers at bedtime, people are exposed to more blue light than ever before. Collectively, 0.25% (w/v) Pu-erh tea has the potential to prevent BLAN-induced depression-like behaviors by reshaping the gut microbiota and increasing the generation of SCFAs via the gut–brain axis. This improvement further reduced blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage and alleviated neuroinflammation by inhibiting MyD88/NF-κB pathways which finally regulated neurotransmitters such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). Pu-erh tea intake significantly reshaped the gut microbiome (especially Bifidobacterium) and regulated the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) which protected the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Our results indicated that BLAN induced depression-like behaviors and gut microbiota disorders in healthy mice. In this work, two groups of C57BL6/J mice were given water or 0.25% (w/v) Pu-erh tea for 120 days, followed by a 45-day BLAN treatment (400 lux blue light between 21:00 and 23:00) to simulate blue light emitted from electronic equipment. Pu-erh tea has been reported to reduce the risk of depression by regulating tryptophan metabolism, but its underlying protective mechanism on depression induced by blue light at night (BLAN) remains unclear. Blue light emitted by smartphones and tablets at night increases the risk of depression.
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